Financial Aid by the IMF and World Bank refers to loans, grants, and economic assistance provided to countries to support economic stability, development, and crisis recovery. A trend of suspending financial aid has been observed in countries like Afghanistan, Syria, Ukraine, and Ethiopia due to ongoing conflicts and humanitarian crisis in these nations.

India has traditionally focused heavily on rural development, investing billions in schemes like MGNREGA (rural household employment), PM-KISAN (direct payments to farmers), and PMAY-G (rural housing facility). While rural areas still struggle with development and access, urbanization is accelerating, with over 35% of the population now residing in cities. However, urban infrastructure investment remains severely inadequate, with a projected shortfall of nearly $827 billion by 2036 (World Bank estimate). This lack of funding has led to overcrowded cities, poor public transport, and a worsening housing crisis.

Friend-shoring is an economic strategy where countries prioritize trade relations with nations they have strong diplomatic and/or regional ties with, as opposed to maintaining broad global trade relations. This approach has led to countries pulling back on their economic relations with non-allied or less integrated nations. Friend-shoring has gained traction in recent years due to geopolitical tensions and systemic risks.

An economic sanction is a restrictive measure imposed by one or more countries to influence another country's behavior by limiting its access to trade, financial assets, or economic resources.

Consumption Tax refers to levying taxes on goods and services people purchase, such as sales tax (GST) or VAT.

Income Tax is a tax on earnings, including salaries, business profits and investments.